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List of presidents of Ecuador

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This article contains a list of presidents of Ecuador, since the independence from Gran Colombia (1830) to the present day.

Background

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Juan José Flores was the first constitutional president of Ecuador, declaring the separation of the State of Ecuador from Gran Colombia, maintaining its presidential government structure, which has remained until the present day. Between 1830 and 1845, the office of President of the Republic was elected indirectly, that is, through the legislature. The first presidents were mostly elected through Constituent Assemblies, a tradition in the politics of Ecuador which remained until 1967, with Otto Arosemena being the last constitutional president elected through the Constituent Assembly. This is one of the reasons why Ecuador has had 20 Constitutions since its foundation, many of them created with the intention of legitimizing the government of a president. Since 1869, the president is elected by popular vote; however, it should be borne in mind that during the 19th century, Ecuador lived a census democracy: only men with sufficient income and decent office voted, being Francisco Robles the first president elected by direct vote.[1]

Between 1906 and 1944, during the Liberal Revolution, the elections were held in a generally fraudulent or corrupt manner, so the year 1944 is estimated as the beginning of democracy in Ecuador. Between 1906 and 1947, there was no office of Vice President. Between 1947 and 1970, the president and vice president were elected separately. Since 1979, the president and vice president are elected by direct suffrage on the same ballot. Since 1998, a candidate who obtains more than 40% of votes can also win, provided he has a difference of at least 10% over the second candidate. All these percentages are calculated on the total valid votes (that is, without counting null and blank votes).[2]

The history of Ecuador has been full of instability, usually centered on the figure of the President of the Republic, which is why Ecuador's political culture has been traditionally called caudillista. During the 19th century, the country was torn apart twice after the overthrow of the presidents Francisco Robles and Ignacio de Veintemilla, with regional governments seeking access to national power. Until 1947, the majority of the constitutional presidents of the Republic came to power through coups d'état, exercising dictatorial power which would be legitimized through the implementation of new constitutions, so that the governance and stability of the presidents has been usually weak, which is why there has been many presiding and interim presidents. There were two military dictatorships in the country (1963–1966 and 1972–1979) before democracy returned with the election of Jaime Roldós Aguilera. From 1996 to 2005, 3 constitutional presidents were overthrown (Abdalá Bucaram, Jamil Mahuad and Lucio Gutiérrez). The left-wing populist government of Rafael Correa (2007–2017) has been the most stable in national history, being able to remain in power constitutionally without interruptions for 10 years and 4 months.[1] José María Velasco Ibarra is the longest-serving president since he held office for a total of 12 years, 10 months and 6 days and was elected President 5 times (1934–35, 1944–47, 1952–56, 1960–61 and 1968–1972).

List of presidents

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Presidents of the State of Ecuador (1830–1835)
No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Term of office Political party Elected Ref.
Took office Left office Time in office
— Juan José Flores
(1800–1864) 		3 May 1830 14 August 1830 103 days Independent —
1 14 August 1830 10 September 1834 4 years, 27 days 1830
2 Vicente Rocafuerte
(1783–1847) 		10 September 1834 8 August 1835 332 days Independent —
Presidents of the Republic of Ecuador (1835–present)
(2) Vicente Rocafuerte
(1783–1847) 		8 August 1835 31 January 1839 3 years, 176 days Independent 1835
(1) Juan José Flores
(1800–1864) 		1 February 1839 6 March 1845
(deposed) 		6 years, 136 days Independent 1839
1843
— José Joaquín de Olmedo
(1780–1847)
President of the triumvirate 		6 March 1845 8 December 1845 174 days Independent —
3 Vicente Ramón Roca
(1792–1858) 		8 December 1845 15 October 1849 3 years, 311 days Independent 1843
— Manuel de Ascásubi
(1804–1876)
acting 		15 October 1849 7 December 1850 1 year, 53 days Independent —
— Diego Noboa
(1789–1870) 		8 December 1850 25 February 1851 79 days Independent —
4 25 February 1851 12 September 1851 199 days 1851
5 José María Urvina
(1808–1891) 		24 July 1851 17 July 1852 359 days Independent —
17 July 1852 15 October 1856 4 years, 90 days 1852
6 Francisco Robles
(1811–1893) 		16 October 1856 31 August 1859 2 years, 319 days Independent 1856
— Gabriel García Moreno
(1821–1875) 		17 January 1861 2 April 1861 75 days Conservative Party —
7 2 April 1861 30 August 1865 4 years, 150 days 1861
— Rafael Carvajal
(1818–1881)
acting 		31 August 1865 7 September 1865 7 days Conservative Party —
8 Jerónimo Carrión
(1804–1873) 		7 September 1865 6 November 1867 2 years, 60 days Conservative Party 1865
— Pedro José de Arteta
(1797–1873)
acting 		7 November 1867 20 January 1868 74 days Conservative Party —
9 Javier Espinosa
(1815–1870) 		20 January 1868 19 January 1869 365 days Conservative Party 1868
— Gabriel García Moreno
(1821–1875)
acting 		19 January 1869 19 May 1869 120 days Conservative Party —
— Manuel de Ascásubi
(1804–1876)
acting 		19 May 1869 10 August 1869 83 days Conservative Party —
(7) Gabriel García Moreno
(1821–1875) 		10 August 1869 6 August 1875 † 5 years, 361 days Conservative Party 1869
1875 (May)
— Francisco Xavier León
(1832–1880)
acting 		6 August 1875 15 September 1875 40 days Conservative Party —
— José Javier Eguiguren
(1816–1884)
acting 		15 September 1875 9 December 1875 85 days Conservative Party —
10 Antonio Borrero
(1827–1911) 		9 December 1875 18 December 1876 1 year, 9 days Conservative Party 1875 (Oct.)
11 Ignacio de Veintemilla
(1828–1908) 		18 December 1876 26 January 1878 1 year, 39 days Military —
21 April 1878 26 March 1882 3 years, 339 days 1878
26 March 1882 9 July 1883 1 year, 105 days —
— Luis Cordero Crespo
(1833–1912)
Government of the Restoration 		1 July 1892 16 April 1895 2 years, 289 days Republican Union Party —
— José Plácido Caamaño
(1837–1900) 		15 October 1883 10 February 1884 118 days Conservative Party —
12 10 February 1884 30 June 1888 4 years, 141 days 1884
— Pedro José Cevallos
(1830–1892)
acting 		1 July 1888 17 August 1888 47 days Conservative Party —
13 Antonio Flores Jijón
(1833–1915) 		17 August 1888 10 June 1892 3 years, 298 days Republican Union Party 1888
14 Luis Cordero Crespo
(1833–1912) 		1 July 1892 16 April 1895 2 years, 289 days Republican Union Party 1892
— Vicente Lucio Salazar
(1832–1896)
acting 		16 April 1895 5 June 1895 50 days Conservative Party —
15 Eloy Alfaro
(1842–1912) 		5 June 1895 9 October 1896 1 year, 126 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party —
9 October 1896 31 August 1901 4 years, 326 days 1897
16 Leónidas Plaza
(1865–1932) 		1 September 1901 31 August 1905 3 years, 364 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party 1901
17 Lizardo García
(1844–1937) 		1 September 1905 15 January 1906 136 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party 1905
(15) Eloy Alfaro
(1842–1912) 		16 January 1906 9 October 1906 266 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party —
9 October 1906 11 August 1911 4 years, 306 days 1906
— Carlos Freile Zaldumbide
(1851–1928)
acting 		11 August 1911 31 August 1911 20 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party —
18 Emilio Estrada
(1855–1911) 		1 September 1911 21 December 1911 111 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party 1911
— Carlos Freile Zaldumbide
(1851–1928)
acting 		22 December 1911 5 March 1912 74 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party —
— Francisco Andrade Marín
(1841–1935)
acting 		6 March 1912 1 August 1912 148 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party —
— Alfredo Baquerizo
(1859–1951)
acting 		1 August 1912 1 September 1912 31 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party —
(16) Leónidas Plaza
(1865–1932) 		1 September 1912 31 August 1916 3 years, 364 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party 1912
19 Alfredo Baquerizo
(1859–1951) 		1 September 1916 31 August 1920 3 years, 364 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party 1916
20 José Luis Tamayo
(1858–1947) 		1 September 1920 31 August 1924 3 years, 364 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party 1920
21 Gonzalo Córdova
(1863–1928) 		1 September 1924 9 July 1925 311 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party 1924
First Provisional Government
collective leadership 		10 July 1925 6 January 1926 180 days —
Second Provisional Government
collective leadership 		10 January 1926 31 March 1926 80 days —
— Isidro Ayora
(1879–1978) 		3 April 1926 17 April 1929 3 years, 14 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party —
22 17 April 1929 24 August 1931 2 years, 129 days 1929
— Luis Larrea Alba
(1894–1979)
acting 		24 August 1931 15 October 1931 52 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party —
— Alfredo Baquerizo
(1859–1951)
acting 		15 October 1931 28 August 1932 318 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party —
— Carlos Freile Larrea
(1876–1942)
acting 		28 August 1932 1 September 1932 4 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party —
— Alberto Guerrero Martínez
(1878–1941)
acting 		2 September 1932 4 December 1932 93 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party —
23 Juan de Dios Martínez
(1875–1955) 		5 December 1932 19 October 1933 318 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party 1932
— Abelardo Montalvo
(1876–1950)
acting 		20 October 1933 31 August 1934 315 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party —
24 José María Velasco Ibarra
(1893–1979) 		1 September 1934 21 August 1935 354 days Independent 1934
— Antonio Pons
(1897–1980)
acting 		21 August 1935 25 September 1935 35 days Conservative Party —
— Federico Páez
(1877–1974)
Jefe Supremo 		26 September 1935 23 October 1937 2 years, 27 days Independent —
— Alberto Enríquez Gallo
(1894–1962)
Jefe Supremo 		23 October 1937 10 August 1938 291 days Military —
— Manuel María Borrero
(1883–1975)
acting 		10 August 1938 1 December 1938 113 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party —
25 Aurelio Mosquera
(1883–1939) 		2 December 1938 17 November 1939 350 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party 1938
— Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río
(1893–1969)
acting 		18 November 1939 10 December 1939 22 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party —
— Andrés Córdova
(1892–1983)
acting 		11 December 1939 10 August 1940 243 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party —
— Julio Enrique Moreno
(1879–1952)
acting 		10 August 1940 31 August 1940 21 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party —
26 Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río
(1893–1969) 		1 September 1940 28 May 1944 3 years, 270 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party 1940
— Julio Teodoro Salem
(1900–1968)
acting 		29 May 1944 31 May 1944 2 days Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party —
(24) José María Velasco Ibarra
(1893–1979) 		1 June 1944 23 August 1947 3 years, 83 days Independent 1944
1946
— Carlos Mancheno Cajas
(1902–1996)
Jefe Supremo 		23 August 1947 2 September 1947 10 days Military —
27 Mariano Suárez Veintimilla
(1897–1980) 		2 September 1947 17 September 1947 15 days Conservative Party 1946
28 C. J. Arosemena Tola
(1888–1952) 		17 September 1947 31 August 1948 349 days Independent 1947
29 Galo Plaza
(1906–1987) 		1 September 1948 31 August 1952 3 years, 364 days National Democratic Civic Movement 1948
(24) José María Velasco Ibarra
(1893–1979) 		1 September 1952 31 August 1956 3 years, 364 days Velaquista National Federation 1952
30 Camilo Ponce Enríquez
(1912–1976) 		1 September 1956 31 August 1960 3 years, 364 days Social Christian Party 1956
(24) José María Velasco Ibarra
(1893–1979) 		1 September 1960 7 November 1961 1 year, 67 days Velaquista National Federation 1960
31 C. J. Arosemena Monroy
(1919–2004) 		7 November 1961 11 July 1963 1 year, 246 days Independent —
— Admiral
Ramón Castro Jijón
(1915–1984)
Chairman of the Military Junta of 1963 		11 July 1963 29 March 1966 2 years, 261 days Military —
— Clemente Yerovi
(1904–1981)
acting 		30 March 1966 16 November 1966 231 days Institutionalist Democratic Coalition —
— Otto Arosemena
(1925–1984) 		16 November 1966 25 May 1967 190 days Institutionalist Democratic Coalition —
32 25 May 1967 31 August 1968 1 year, 98 days —
(24) José María Velasco Ibarra
(1893–1979) 		1 September 1968 15 February 1972 3 years, 167 days Velaquista National Federation 1968
— General
Guillermo Rodríguez Lara
(born 1923)
Chairman of the Council of Government 		15 February 1972 11 January 1976 3 years, 330 days Military — [3]
— Vice Admiral
Alfredo Poveda
(1926–1990)
President of the Supreme Council of Government 		11 January 1976 10 August 1979 3 years, 211 days Military —
33 Jaime Roldós Aguilera
(1940–1981) 		10 August 1979 24 May 1981 1 year, 287 days Concentration of People's Forces 1979
34 Osvaldo Hurtado
(born 1939) 		24 May 1981 10 August 1984 3 years, 78 days Popular Democracy —
35 León Febres Cordero
(1931–2008) 		10 August 1984 10 August 1988 4 years Social Christian Party 1984
36 Rodrigo Borja Cevallos
(born 1935) 		10 August 1988 10 August 1992 4 years Democratic Left 1988
37 Sixto Durán Ballén
(1921–2016) 		10 August 1992 10 August 1996 4 years Republican Unity Party 1992
38 Abdalá Bucaram
(born 1952) 		10 August 1996 6 February 1997 180 days Ecuadorian Roldosist Party 1996
— Fabián Alarcón
(born 1947)
acting 		6 February 1997 9 August 1998 3 days Alfarista Radical Front — [4]
39 Rosalía Arteaga
(born 1956) 		9 February 1997 11 February 1997 2 days MIRA Movement — [5]
40 Fabián Alarcón
(born 1947) 		11 February 1997 10 August 1998 1 year, 180 days Alfarista Radical Front —
41 Jamil Mahuad
(born 1949) 		10 August 1998 21 January 2000
(deposed) 		1 year, 164 days Popular Democracy 1998 [6]
42 Gustavo Noboa
(1937–2021) 		22 January 2000 15 January 2003 2 years, 358 days Independent —
43 Lucio Gutiérrez
(born 1957) 		15 January 2003 20 April 2005 2 years, 95 days Patriotic Society Party 2002
44 Alfredo Palacio
(born 1939) 		20 April 2005 15 January 2007 1 year, 270 days Independent —
45 Rafael Correa
(born 1963) 		15 January 2007 24 May 2017 10 years, 129 days PAIS Alliance 2006
2009
2013
46 Lenín Moreno
(born 1953) 		24 May 2017 24 May 2021 4 years PAIS Alliance 2017
47 Guillermo Lasso
(born 1955) 		24 May 2021 23 November 2023 2 years, 183 days Creating Opportunities 2021
48 Daniel Noboa
(born 1987) 		23 November 2023 Incumbent 1 year, 22 days National Democratic Action 2023

Timeline

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Daniel NoboaGuillermo LassoLenín MorenoRafael CorreaAlfredo PalacioLucio GutiérrezGustavo NoboaJamil MahuadRosalía ArteagaFabián AlarcónAbdalá BucaramSixto Durán BallénRodrigo Borja CevallosLeón Febres CorderoOsvaldo HurtadoJaime Roldós AguileraSupreme Government CouncilGuillermo Rodríguez LaraOtto ArosemenaClemente YeroviMilitary JuntaC. J. Arosemena MonroyCamilo Ponce EnríquezGalo PlazaC. J. Arosemena TolaMariano Suárez VeintimillaCarlos Mancheno CajasJulio Teodoro SalemJulio Enrique MorenoAndrés CórdovaCarlos Alberto Arroyo del RíoAurelio MosqueraManuel María BorreroAlberto Enríquez GalloFederico PáezAntonio PonsJosé María Velasco IbarraAbelardo MontalvoJuan de Dios MartínezAlberto Guerrero MartínezCarlos Freile LarreaLuis Larrea AlbaIsidro AyoraSecond Provisional GovernmentFirst Provisional GovernmentGonzalo CórdovaJosé Luis TamayoAlfredo BaquerizoFrancisco Andrade MarínEmilio EstradaCarlos Freile ZaldumbideLizardo GarcíaLeónidas PlazaEloy AlfaroVicente Lucio SalazarLuis Cordero CrespoAntonio Flores JijónPedro José CevallosJosé Plácido CaamañoSupreme Leadership of Manabí and EsmeraldasPentevirato QuiteñoIgnacio de VeintemillaAntonio BorreroJosé Javier EguigurenFrancisco Xavier LeónJuan Javier EspinosaPedro José de ArtetaJerónimo CarriónRafael CarvajalGabriel García MorenoFederal Government of LojaCañar and Azuay (with Guayas)Supreme Leadership of GuayasGovernment of CuencaProvisional Government of QuitoFrancisco RoblesJosé María UrvinaDiego NoboaManuel de AscásubiVicente Ramón RocaJosé Joaquín de OlmedoVicente RocafuerteJuan José Flores

Rival governments in rebellion

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Picture Name Began Ended Title(s)
Vicente Rocafuerte 20 October 1833 July 1834 Jefe Supremo of the Department of the Guayas
José Félix Valdivieso 13 July 1834 18 January 1835 Jefe Supremo
José Joaquín de Olmedo 6 March 1845 18 June 1845 President of the Provisional Government
Antonio de Elizalde March 1850 1850 Jefe Supremo
Diego Noboa 20 February 1850 10 June 1850 Jefe Supremo
José María Urvina 13 July 1851 17 July 1851 Jefe Supremo
Provisional Government 1 May 1859 4 June 1859 Members: Gabriel García Moreno (from May 25)
Manuel Gómez de la Torre (to May 25)
José María Avilés
Pacífico Chiriboga
Jerónimo Carrión 6 June 1859 1859
Gabriel García Moreno 4 June 1859 17 September 1861 Jefe Supremo
Guillermo Franco 17 September 1859 24 September 1860 Jefe Supremo of Guayas and Azuay
Fernando Daquilema 18 de diciembre de 1871 8 de abril de 1872 King Shyri XVII
Ignacio de Veintemilla 8 September 1876 19 December 1876 Jefe Supremo
Eloy Alfaro February 1883 11 October 1883 Jefe Supremo of Manabí and Esmeraldas
Provisional Government 14 January 1883 9 July 1883 Members: José María Sarasti
Pedro Ignacio Lizarzaburu
Agustín Guerrero
Luis Cordero Crespo (from February 14)
Pablo Herrera (to February 14)
Rafael Pérez Pareja
Pedro Carbo 17 September 1883 11 October 1883 Jefe Supremo of Guayas
Eloy Alfaro 19 June 1895 23 August 1895 Jefe Supremo
Flavio E. Alfaro Santana 22 December 1911 January 1912
Pedro Jacinto Montero Maridueña 28 December 1911 21 January 1912

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Simón Espinoza (2000). Presidents of Ecuador. Editorial Vistazo
  2. ^ Supreme Electoral Tribunal. Elections and Democracy in Ecuador (1989). TSE
  3. ^ "Military Junta Imposes Curfew And Tight Controls in Ecuador". New York Times. 17 February 1972. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  4. ^ "Chronology of the fall of Abdalá Bucaram (December 1 1996 - February 6 1997)" (PDF).
  5. ^ Goering, Laurie (9 February 1997). "Ecuador Crisis: 3 Presidents, Only 1 Job". Chicago Tribune. chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  6. ^ Barracca, Steven 'Military coups in the post-cold war era: Pakistan, Ecuador and Venezuela', Third World Quarterly, 28:1, 137 - 154
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